Question 1

A researcher reinforces closer and closer approximations to a target behavior. What is the name of the procedure she is using?

Accepted Answer

A)   shaping
B)   classical conditioning
C)   discrimination training
D)   extinctionE) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 2

In the Featured Study by Bandura on the power of modeling, the children who were most likely to play aggressively with the Bobo doll were the children who saw a film of "Rocky" behaving

Accepted Answer

A)   in a nonaggressive manner and receiving positive consequences.
B)   in a nonaggressive manner and receiving negative consequences.
C)   in an aggressive manner and receiving positive consequences.
D)   in an aggressive manner and receiving negative consequences.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 3

On a cumulative recorder, a rapid response rate produces a(n) ____________________ slope.

Accepted Answer

The answer of On a cumulative recorder, a rapid response...

Question 4

Although there are many controversies surrounding punishment it is used frequently for disciplinary purposes. Which of the following are desirable aspects surrounding the use of punishment?

Accepted Answer

A)   It suggests alternative behaviors.
B)   It can be modeled as a positive problem solving method.
C)   It reduces the probability of undesirable behavior.
D)   It will often trigger strong emotional responses.E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

Question 5

Recent research has shown that classical conditioning procedures can lead to ____________________, or a decrease in the production of antibodies.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Recent research has shown that classical conditioning...

Question 6

Escape learning is a type of learning in which

Accepted Answer

A)   an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others' behavior.
B)   an organism engages in a response that brings aversive stimulation to an end.
C)   a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response that was originally elicited by another stimulus.
D)   an organism engages in a response that prevents aversive stimulation from occurring.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 7

According to Martin Seligman, preparedness involves a species-specific predisposition to be conditioned in certain ways and not others.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Research into signal relations, response-outcome relations, and observational learning all emphasize

Accepted Answer

A)   the importance of evolutionary adaptations in learning.
B)   the limitations of using basic conditioning procedures in everyday situations.
C)   the distinction between acquisition of behavior and the performance of behavior.
D)   the role of cognitive processes in learning.E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 9

Which of the following goals is specified in an appropriate format for designing a self-modification program?

Accepted Answer

A)   increasing your motivation
B)   decreasing your irritability
C)   increasing your happiness
D)   decreasing the amount of time spent watching televisionE) All of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 10

Edward Tolman's research suggests that in order to learn routes through mazes rats

Accepted Answer

A)   must be reinforced for reaching the end of the maze.
B)   will run through the maze only when they are highly motivated.
C)   need to be allowed to explore the maze first.
D)   must be punished for wrong choices in the maze on the first trials.E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 11

Sally developed a nasty stomach flu a few hours after she ate sushi for the first time; now every time Sally sees sushi she feels sick to her stomach. Sally is demonstrating a(n) ____________________.

Accepted Answer

conditione...

Question 12

A successful self-modification program may end spontaneously when

Accepted Answer

A)   the new, improved patterns of behavior become self-reinforcing.
B)   a new behavior problem suddenly takes the place of the old one.
C)   the reinforcer loses its effectiveness.
D)   the frequency of the target behavior drops to zero.E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

Question 13

The first step in a behavior modification program is to

Accepted Answer

A)   pick an appropriate reinforcement.
B)   specify a target behavior.
C)   design the program.
D)   gather baseline data.E) All of the above
F) A) and C)

Question 14

The predominant view among learning theorists today is

Accepted Answer

A)   associations can be conditioned between any stimulus an organism can sense and any response the organism can make.
B)   all species are capable of learning all the same responses.
C)   there is no such thing as "the" learning process.
D)   the basic mechanisms of learning are similar across species.E) C) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 15

You want to teach your dog to fetch the remote control for your TV. Why should you first use continuous reinforcement and then switch to partial reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

You should first use continuous reinforc...

Question 16

Two processes involved in the acquisition of phobias and the tendency of phobias to show a high resistance to extinction are

Accepted Answer

A)   reinforcement and punishment.
B)   positive and negative reinforcement.
C)   classical and operant conditioning.
D)   operant conditioning and observation learning.E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

Question 17

If you devise a self-modification program in which you systematically reward yourself for studying, you are applying the principles of

Accepted Answer

A)   classical conditioning.
B)   operant conditioning.
C)   observational learning.
D)   Pavlovian conditioning.E) B) and C)
F) A) and C)

Question 18

____________________ reinforcement occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced; ____________________ reinforcement, occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time.

Accepted Answer

Continuous...

Question 19

Resistance to extinction occurs when a previously extinguished response reappears after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Nolan has learned to drink a cup of coffee whenever he gets a tension headache because drinking coffee makes the pain of the headache go away. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)   avoidance learning.
B)   escape learning.
C)   positive reinforcement.
D)   classical conditioning.E) B) and C)
F) A) and C)

Exam 12: Learning Part 2

The predominant view among learning theorists today is

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Martin Seligman, preparedness involves a species-specific predisposition to be conditioned in certain ways and not others.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Two processes involved in the acquisition of phobias and the tendency of phobias to show a high resistance to extinction are

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The first step in a behavior modification program is to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Nolan has learned to drink a cup of coffee whenever he gets a tension headache because drinking coffee makes the pain of the headache go away. This is an example of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Research into signal relations, response-outcome relations, and observational learning all emphasize

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Although there are many controversies surrounding punishment it is used frequently for disciplinary purposes. Which of the following are desirable aspects surrounding the use of punishment?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

____________________ reinforcement occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced; ____________________ reinforcement, occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time.

Correct AnswerverifiedContinuous...View AnswerShow Answer

A researcher reinforces closer and closer approximations to a target behavior. What is the name of the procedure she is using?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following goals is specified in an appropriate format for designing a self-modification program?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A successful self-modification program may end spontaneously when

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Edward Tolman's research suggests that in order to learn routes through mazes rats

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the Featured Study by Bandura on the power of modeling, the children who were most likely to play aggressively with the Bobo doll were the children who saw a film of "Rocky" behaving

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Resistance to extinction occurs when a previously extinguished response reappears after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Escape learning is a type of learning in which

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Sally developed a nasty stomach flu a few hours after she ate sushi for the first time; now every time Sally sees sushi she feels sick to her stomach. Sally is demonstrating a(n) ____________________.

Correct Answerverifiedconditione...View AnswerShow Answer

You want to teach your dog to fetch the remote control for your TV. Why should you first use continuous reinforcement and then switch to partial reinforcement?

Correct AnswerverifiedYou should first use continuous reinforc...View AnswerShow Answer

On a cumulative recorder, a rapid response rate produces a(n) ____________________ slope.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If you devise a self-modification program in which you systematically reward yourself for studying, you are applying the principles of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Recent research has shown that classical conditioning procedures can lead to ____________________, or a decrease in the production of antibodies.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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reinforcement occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced; reinforcement, occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time.

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Continuous...
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conditione...
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You should first use continuous reinforc...
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