Question 1

Consumers respond more positively to ground beef advertised as "75 percent lean" than to ground beef described as "25 percent fat." This illustrates that consumer reactions are influenced by

Accepted Answer

A)   belief perseverance.
B)   confirmation bias.
C)   the availability heuristic.
D)   framing.E) B) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 2

The overconfidence phenomenon refers to the tendency to

Accepted Answer

A)   cling to our initial conceptions, even though they have been discredited.
B)   search for information that supports our preconceptions.
C)   underestimate the extent to which our beliefs and judgments are inaccurate.
D)   judge the likelihood of an event in terms of how readily instances of its occurrence are remembered.E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

Question 3

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people is a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)   algorithm.
B)   prototype.
C)   heuristic.
D)   concept.E) C) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 4

A reliance on quick intuitive judgments is best illustrated by our use of

Accepted Answer

A)   telegraphic speech.
B)   algorithms.
C)   trial and error.
D)   heuristics.E) C) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 5

Researchers who believe that some primates can read intent point to evidence that

Accepted Answer

A)   chimpanzees show more interest in a food container you have deliberately grasped.
B)   great apes have recognized themselves in a mirror.
C)   chimpanzees in the wild use sticks as tools.
D)   sheep can recognize and remember individual faces.E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 6

In her research, Professor Kyoto seeks to identify circumstances in which confirmation bias is especially likely to impede effective problem solving. Which specialty area does her research best represent?

Accepted Answer

A)   biological psychology
B)   developmental psychology
C)   personality psychology
D)   cognitive psychologyE) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 7

With which of the following statements will people typically agree most quickly?

Accepted Answer

A)   A penguin is a bird.
B)   A goose is a bird.
C)   A robin is a bird.
D)   An ostrich is a bird.E) A) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 8

Alex was an African Grey parrot who displayed

Accepted Answer

A)   self-awareness.
B)   numerical ability.
C)   insight.
D)   tool use.E) A) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 9

Which of the following best accounts for people's greater fear of commercial air flights than of driving an automobile?

Accepted Answer

A)   perceived control
B)   fixation
C)   the framing effect
D)   insightE) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

Question 10

Although Kaylee agreed with a particular politician's policies and position statements, her unconscious gut reaction to his slightly high-pitched voice led her to vote for the opposition candidate. This best illustrates the impact of

Accepted Answer

A)   intuition.
B)   confirmation bias.
C)   a critical period.
D)   belief perseverance.E) B) and D)
F) C) and D)

Question 11

The basic units of cognition are

Accepted Answer

A)   algorithms.
B)   concepts.
C)   prototypes.
D)   heuristics.E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

Question 12

Stockbrokers often believe that their own expertise will enable them to select stocks that will outperform the market average. This belief best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)   a fixation.
B)   the framing effect.
C)   the availability heuristic.
D)   overconfidence.E) A) and C)
F) B) and D)

Question 13

A period of distraction that enables people to process complex information unconsciously can improve decision making. This best illustrates the value of

Accepted Answer

A)   algorithms.
B)   critical periods.
C)   intuition.
D)   trial and error.E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 14

A televised image of a starving child had a greater impact on Mr. White's perception of the extensiveness of world hunger than did a statistical chart summarizing the tremendous scope of the problem. This suggests that his assessment of the world hunger problem is influenced by

Accepted Answer

A)   belief perseverance.
B)   an algorithm.
C)   confirmation bias.
D)   the availability heuristic.E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 15

Describe several heuristics that you might use or that you have used when deciding whether you should (a) study especially hard for a test and (b) ask someone for a date (or accept a date). Under what circumstances are these heuristics likely to contribute to poor decision making?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe several heuristics that you might use...

Question 16

In the process of classifying objects, people are especially likely to make use of

Accepted Answer

A)   algorithms.
B)   fixations.
C)   prototypes.
D)   framing.E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 17

After spending two hours trying to solve an engineering problem, Amira finally gave up. As she was trying to fall asleep that night, a solution to the problem popped into her head. Amira's experience best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)   belief perseverance.
B)   the availability heuristic.
C)   insight.
D)   a mental set.E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 18

Max is so used to thinking that a tough competitive style of behavior is the best way to impress others that he fails to recognize that the most effective way to impress his girlfriend is with cooperative tenderness. Max's oversight best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)   a fixation.
B)   the framing effect.
C)   an algorithm.
D)   a critical period.E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

Question 19

We more quickly recognize that a blue jay is a bird than that a penguin is a bird because a blue jay more closely resembles our ________ of a bird.

Accepted Answer

A)   heuristic
B)   prototype
C)   algorithm
D)   mental setE) None of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 20

An algorithm is a

Accepted Answer

A)   simple thinking strategy for making decisions quickly and efficiently.
B)   testing method involving trial and error.
C)   automatic, intuitive judgment.
D)   methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems.E) C) and D)
F) All of the above

Exam 27: Thinking

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people is a(n)

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In her research, Professor Kyoto seeks to identify circumstances in which confirmation bias is especially likely to impede effective problem solving. Which specialty area does her research best represent?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

An algorithm is a

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A televised image of a starving child had a greater impact on Mr. White's perception of the extensiveness of world hunger than did a statistical chart summarizing the tremendous scope of the problem. This suggests that his assessment of the world hunger problem is influenced by

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Although Kaylee agreed with a particular politician's policies and position statements, her unconscious gut reaction to his slightly high-pitched voice led her to vote for the opposition candidate. This best illustrates the impact of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A reliance on quick intuitive judgments is best illustrated by our use of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Describe several heuristics that you might use or that you have used when deciding whether you should (a) study especially hard for a test and (b) ask someone for a date (or accept a date). Under what circumstances are these heuristics likely to contribute to poor decision making?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

With which of the following statements will people typically agree most quickly?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Alex was an African Grey parrot who displayed

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Consumers respond more positively to ground beef advertised as "75 percent lean" than to ground beef described as "25 percent fat." This illustrates that consumer reactions are influenced by

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Stockbrokers often believe that their own expertise will enable them to select stocks that will outperform the market average. This belief best illustrates

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A period of distraction that enables people to process complex information unconsciously can improve decision making. This best illustrates the value of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following best accounts for people's greater fear of commercial air flights than of driving an automobile?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the process of classifying objects, people are especially likely to make use of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

After spending two hours trying to solve an engineering problem, Amira finally gave up. As she was trying to fall asleep that night, a solution to the problem popped into her head. Amira's experience best illustrates

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Max is so used to thinking that a tough competitive style of behavior is the best way to impress others that he fails to recognize that the most effective way to impress his girlfriend is with cooperative tenderness. Max's oversight best illustrates

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Researchers who believe that some primates can read intent point to evidence that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The basic units of cognition are

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

We more quickly recognize that a blue jay is a bird than that a penguin is a bird because a blue jay more closely resembles our ________ of a bird.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The overconfidence phenomenon refers to the tendency to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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