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Dr Desai predicts that if teachers ignore students who act up in class, fewer students will act up in class. Dr Desai's prediction is an example of


A) an operational definition.
B) a theory.
C) inferential statistics.
D) a hypothesis.

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

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In a study designed to test the effects of a new drug developed to treat Alzheimer's disease, half the patients were given the actual drug while the other half of the patients were given a placebo (sugar pill) . In this study, the experimental group is


A) the patients who show evidence of an improvement in their memory.
B) the group who received the actual drug.
C) the group who received the placebo.
D) the patients who were not included in the study.

E) B) and D)
F) None of the above

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Recording all instances of an event for a particular time period (such as how many times an older brother strikes his younger brother) without the subjects' awareness is an example of


A) compiling a case study.
B) correlational research.
C) conducting an experiment.
D) naturalistic observation.

E) None of the above
F) C) and D)

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One of your friends is writing a research paper and wants to obtain information about the depth of personal information people typically reveal during a first date. Directly observing a large number of people during a first date will be difficult, so your friend asks for your advice on the best way to collect this type of data. The best suggestion would be for your friend to use


A) the case study approach.
B) archival research.
C) a double-blind observational study.
D) a survey.

E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

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Briefly describe the steps involved in scientific psychological research.

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All scientific research follows a system...

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Dr Matamela believes that "misery loves company". Based on this belief, Dr Matamela predicts that people who have received bad news will seek out other people. Dr Matamela's belief is an example of ____, and her prediction is an example of ____.


A) a hypothesis; a theory
B) a theory; a hypothesis
C) a variable; an application
D) a hypothesis; a variable

E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

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When studying a research question where it would be impractical to manipulate the variables of interest, a researcher would use a(n)


A) logical method.
B) common sense method.
C) experimental method.
D) descriptive/correlational method.

E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

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Suppose a researcher discovered a +0.87 correlation between the length of a person's toes and the number of shoes the person owns. In general, people who own the fewest number of shoes would have


A) small toes.
B) large toes.
C) medium-sized toes.
D) either very large or very small toes.

E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

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Dr Mokoena believes that people who are under stress will develop more colds than people who are not under stress. When she randomly selects 10 participants and exposes them to high levels of stress, she finds that 9 of the participants develop colds. Based on these results she concludes that stress causes an increase in colds. Dr Mokoena's reasoning may be flawed because in this study


A) there was no dependent variable in her study.
B) there was no control group for comparison.
C) she didn't formulate a hypothesis before she collected her data.
D) she didn't measure the independent variable when the study ended.

E) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

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In experimental research, the researcher manipulates the ____ variable in order to measures its effect on the ____ variable.


A) dependent; independent
B) dependent; extraneous
C) independent; dependent
D) independent; extraneous

E) C) and D)
F) None of the above

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Which research method involves a researcher engaging in careful observation of behaviour without intervening directly with the subjects?


A) criterion-based induction
B) case studies
C) surveys
D) naturalistic observation

E) B) and D)
F) All of the above

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The mode in a group of scores describes the ____ for that group of scores.


A) central tendency
B) association with another group of scores
C) halfway point
D) variability

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

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One of the disadvantages of the experimental method is


A) the inability to generate cause-and-effect conclusions.
B) the artificial, contrived situations in which experiments are often conducted.
C) the length of time necessary to complete the study.
D) the fact that only one variable can be studied at a time.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Statistics can be used to do all of the below EXCEPT


A) summarise observations.
B) organise observations.
C) interpret observations.
D) prove observations.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Subjects in the control group should be ____ subjects in the experimental groups in all respects except for the treatment they receive in regards to the ____.


A) very different from; independent variable
B) very different from; dependent variable
C) very similar to; independent variable
D) very similar to; dependent variable

E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

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The hypotheses for a research study are most likely to be found in the


A) methodology section of a journal article.
B) reference section of a journal article.
C) results section of a journal article.
D) introduction section of a journal article.

E) All of the above
F) None of the above

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What is the difference between a positive correlation and a negative correlation? List some specific variables that you predict would be positively correlated, and variables that would be negatively correlated, with alcohol consumption by college students.

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Positive correlation: As scores on varia...

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Bongani designed an experiment in which participants listened to a persuasive speech delivered either by a person who was very tall or a person who was average in height. In addition, the speeches were delivered either by individuals wearing business clothes or by people wearing casual clothes. In this example, Bongani


A) has two dependent variables, and will be able to determine if persuasion interacts with any other factors.
B) has two independent variables, and will be able to determine if height and style of clothing interact.
C) does not have a control group, which should reduce the impact of self-reporting bias in his study.
D) is using a double-blind procedure, which should reduce experimenter bias.

E) A) and C)
F) B) and D)

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Charlie tells you that 17 out of the 30 students enrolled in his English class scored exactly 62 points on the last exam. Conceptually, this is the same as saying


A) the mean for that particular English exam was 62 points.
B) the median for that particular English exam was 62 points.
C) the standard deviation for that particular English exam was 62 points.
D) the mode for that particular English exam was 62 points.

E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

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An instructor wishes to find out whether a new teaching method is superior to his usual procedures, so he conducts an experiment. Everyone in his classes is quite excited about the prospect of learning under the new procedure but of course he cannot administer the new teaching method to everyone. A random half of the students receive the new method and the remaining half receive the old. What is the most obvious flaw in this experiment?


A) Subjects should have been systematically assigned to groups.
B) The sample is not representative of the population.
C) Placebo effects or experimenter bias are likely to affect results.
D) Distortions in self-report will affect results.

E) B) and D)
F) A) and D)

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