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In order to correctly perform the behavior required of a response chain, a subject must learn


A) S-R associations.
B) paired associations.
C) R-O associations.
D) All of the above

E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

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In Scalar Expectancy Theory, what relays the number of pulses that have occurred to working memory?


A) the pacemaker
B) the comparator
C) the accumulator
D) the switch

E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

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Do you believe that tool use is a defining feature of advanced intelligence? Why or why not? Why might the New Caledonian crow have a predisposition for tool use?

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A trial begins with presentation of a discriminative stimulus.If the stimulus is a light, a food pellet reinforcer will be set up after 20 seconds and can be earned with a lever press.If the stimulus is a tone, a food pellet reinforcer will be set up after 40 seconds and can be earned with a lever press.Test trials involve recording the subject's responses over 80 non­reinforced seconds.This type of experiment is investigating an organism's ability to


A) form concepts.
B) produce durations.
C) estimate durations.
D) chunk information.

E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

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Compare and contrast the scalar expectancy model of timing and the behavioral theory of timing.

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A pigeon is used in a modified matching-to-sample experiment.If the bird is presented with a 3 second long sample, it must peck a red key.If the sample is 10 seconds long, the pigeon must peck a green key.This type of experiment is called a


A) duration estimation task.
B) time conditioning task.
C) interval training task.
D) time shaping task.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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A trial begins with presentation of a discriminative stimulus.If the stimulus is a light, a food pellet reinforcer will be set up after 20 seconds and can be earned with a lever press.If the stimulus is a tone, a food pellet reinforcer will be set up after 40 seconds and can be earned with a lever press.Test trials involve recording the subject's responses over 80 non-reinforced seconds.This procedure is called


A) a duration estimation task.
B) a peak procedure.
C) an interval training task.
D) a model-rival technique.

E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

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Studies of perceptual concept learning suggest that


A) only humans form true perceptual concepts.
B) only primates form true perceptual concepts.
C) only primates and dolphins form true perceptual concepts.
D) many species, including pigeons, form true perceptual concepts.

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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Describe the peak procedure and how results obtained with the peak procedure may be explained by scalar expectancy theory.

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According to Clayton et al.what is the required content of a memory for it to be considered "episodic"?


A) what happened
B) when it happened
C) where it happened
D) all of the above

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Human infants are said to have language


A) at birth.
B) usually by 6 months.
C) usually by 12 months.
D) There is no one point where a child can be said to graduate to having language.

E) A) and D)
F) All of the above

Correct Answer

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Compare and contrast perceptual and abstract concept learning.

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Which of the following is not a consideration of nonhuman language learning?


A) Can animals learn language?
B) What type of training leads to language skills?
C) What language skills do animals develop during training?
D) How can language skills be documented?

E) A) and D)
F) B) and D)

Correct Answer

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A simultaneous presentation of all response choices in a serial order task cannot be solved by learning


A) a serial pattern.
B) serial representations.
C) stimulus-response associations.
D) paired associates.

E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

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In the model-rival technique,


A) a prototype of the lexigram is repeatedly presented to the subject.
B) a model of the lexigram is presented by the experimenter.
C) a different student competes with the subject for the experimenter's attention.
D) several different prototypes of the lexigram are presented only once in series to the subject.

E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Correct Answer

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Evidence of generalization to novel exemplars is used to support


A) a paired associate learning interpretation.
B) a stimulus-response learning interpretation.
C) a concept-learning interpretation.
D) a serial pattern learning interpretation.

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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Data from a study with baboons exposed to four letter word or non-word stimuli to see if they could learn to distinguish between words and random combinations of letters suggest that


A) they could use only S-R cues to discriminate.
B) they could use only S-R and S-S cues to discriminate.
C) they could use orthographic information to discriminate.
D) they could not discriminate above chance between words and non-words.

E) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

Correct Answer

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Evidence for episodic memory in scrub jays comes from the finding that


A) they will always prefer worms at all time periods since the food was cached.
B) they will always prefer worms only if they are provided fresh worms at all time periods after caching including very long delays.
C) they will prefer peanuts at short delays, but worms at longer delays after caching.
D) evidence for episodic memory only has been found in mammals like rats, monkeys, and humans including human infants.

E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

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According to Scalar Expectancy Theory, which of the following is not part of the clock process?


A) the comparator
B) the switch
C) the accumulator
D) the pacemaker

E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Describe similarities and differences in language learning among chimpanzees and human children.

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