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Which of the following is NOT a reason that evolutionary psychologists propose to explain the biases associated with person perception?


A) There was a need to quickly categorize others as friend or foe.
B) Physical attractiveness was associated primarily with friends and not foes.
C) Physical attractiveness was associated with reproductive potential of females.
D) Physical attractiveness was associated with health and vigor of males.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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_____ attributions ascribe the causes of behavior to personal dispositions and _____ attributions to situational demands.

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Lewis has agreed to proofread a long legal brief that Trudy has written, even though he doesn't really like Trudy. Lewis knows that he will not receive any additional pay for his extra work, and he thinks that proofreading is one of the most boring jobs there is. However, after the legal brief is finished, Lewis decides that proofreading isn't such a bad job after all; he feels that at times he actually enjoys the exacting work. Lewis's change in attitude can BEST be explained using


A) the matching hypothesis.
B) a self-serving bias.
C) cognitive dissonance theory.
D) the fundamental attribution error.

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

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Karen is a graduate student in psychology and proposes to use Milgram's procedure to study whether men or women are more likely to exhibit obedience. MOST likely, her faculty advisor will tell her ​


A) people today are too sophisticated to believe the deception Milgram used.
B) people today are more likely to simply refuse to participate in the study at all.
C) it is an excellent choice for a research project.
D) modern ethical guidelines would probably not permit the study to be conducted.

E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

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Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines ​


A) cognitive structuring.
B) cultural direction.
C) stereotypes.
D) schematizing.

E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

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Edith is making a class presentation in which she is trying to convince the other students that a proposed change in the requirements for a degree in education will be beneficial in the long run. Based on the research into factors that influence persuasion, Edith will be MOST persuasive if she ​


A) presents only the advantages associated with the proposed change.
B) presents only the disadvantages associated with the proposed change.
C) is able to arouse cognitive dissonance among her classmates.
D) presents both the advantages and disadvantages associated with the proposed change.

E) None of the above
F) A) and C)

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As a result of the fundamental attribution error, if you observe a construction worker relaxing under a tree, you would be MOST likely to conclude that the worker is


A) taking his scheduled work break.
B) lazy.
C) taking a well-deserved break after strenuous work.
D) taking a break because it is hot and humid today.

E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Implicit racism in white subjects is associated with all of the following in interracial interactions EXCEPT ​


A) decreased smiling.
B) increased verbal aggression.
C) shorter speaking time.
D) reduced eye contact.

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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According to Janis, what is the major cause of groupthink?


A) Strong group cohesion
B) Diffusion of responsibility
C) The tendency of group members to grandstand
D) Group conflict

E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

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When Jerry thought he was the only person who was assigned the job of contacting alumni for a 15-year reunion, he spent several hours on the phone each evening trying to reach members of his graduating class. When he learned that eight other people were also working on contacting the alumni, he spent only 30 minutes each night making phone calls. The process that would BEST explain the decrease in Jerry's effort when he learned that he was working as part of a larger group is


A) social interference.
B) social loafing.
C) the bystander effect.
D) social dissonance.

E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

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Carly is watching television and notices that she has seen the same commercial four times during the same program. She wonders why a company would pay for so many identical advertisements, so it seems she is unfamiliar with the _____ effect.


A) projective
B) perceptive
C) mere exposure
D) one-sided

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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When Sue's friends decide to go to a movie instead of a restaurant, Sue goes along with them because she is afraid her friends will reject her if she doesn't.  Sue's behavior is being influenced by ​


A) obedience.
B) normative influence.
C) informational influence.
D) the foot-in-the-door technique.

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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Jane's eight-year-old son brought a note home from school stating that he was involved in a fight at recess. Which of the following is an example of an external attribution that Jane might make to explain her son's behavior?


A) He's just like his father.
B) He always gets in fights.
C) The other child probably started the fight and he was protecting himself.
D) He probably couldn't help himself since he doesn't have much self-control.

E) B) and D)
F) None of the above

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The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute the crime and poverty of urban ethnic neighborhoods to the ​


A) personal qualities of the residents.
B) job discrimination experienced by the residents.
C) poor police protection in such areas.
D) crowded living conditions in these neighborhoods.

E) C) and D)
F) All of the above

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Behaving unfairly to members of a certain group is known as _____.

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Which of the following dimensions of attitudes are MOST likely to be correlated?


A) Strength and ambivalence
B) Accessibility and strength
C) Accessibility and ambivalence
D) Distinctiveness and ambivalence

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Travis saw a television advertisement in which a cell phone service provider showed pleasant family scenes while some relaxing music played in the background. Later, when Travis is asked about this particular provider, he has a positive attitude toward its service, even though he actually uses a different cell phone service. Travis's attitude appears to have developed through the process of


A) cognitive dissonance.
B) classical conditioning.
C) observational learning.
D) operant conditioning.

E) C) and D)
F) All of the above

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Research on the elaboration likelihood model of attitude change suggests that the _____ route leads to more enduring attitude change and better predicts future behavior.


A) peripheral
B) central
C) objective
D) subjective

E) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

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Inferences that people draw about the causes of events and theirs and others' behaviors are known as ​


A) prejudices.
B) attributions.
C) self-serving biases.
D) stereotypes.

E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

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It is commonly believed that most political elections are determined by the public's impressions of the candidates rather than the candidates' views on the issues. What are some possible reasons for this irrational voting behavior? If the public were more knowledgeable about factors that affect person perception and attitudes, how might that knowledge influence voting behavior?

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