Question 1

An important aspect of instrumental conditioning is that

Accepted Answer

A)  there are no limitations on the types of new response dimensions that may be modified by instrumental conditioning.
B)  there are no limitations on the types of new behavioral units that may be modified by instrumental conditioning.
C)  relevance relations occur in instrumental conditioning.
D)  the type of behavior that develops does not depend on reinforcer characteristics.E) A) and C)
F) C) and D) C

Question 2

Describe alternative explanations of the learned helplessness effect.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe alternative explanations of the learned helplessness...

Question 3

Compare the evidence for behavioral variability and stereotypy. What evidence is there that variability can be conditioned?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compare the evidence for behavioral variability and...

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of a response reinforcer relationship with good contingency but weak temporal contiguity?

Accepted Answer

A)  sending sweepstakes coupons to the clearinghouse
B)  putting a sandwich in the microwave to heat
C)  mailing three cereal box tops to receive a plastic toy
D)  being burned by a hot stoveE) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 5

Two groups of rats were trained to navigate a runway for food. One group earned a single food pellet, the other received three pellets. What will happen when they are both shifted to a situation in which they earn the alternative reward?

Accepted Answer

A)  Rats that initially received the small reward will run faster for the larger reward than the rats that initially received the large reward did.
B)  Rats that initially received the large reward will run faster for the small reward than the rats that initially received the small reward did.
C)  Rats that initially received the small reward will run more slowly for the large reward than the rats that initially received the large reward did.
D)  The two groups will now run at approximately the same speed.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 6

The decreased responding for an unfavorable reward because of prior experience with a better outcome is called

Accepted Answer

A)  positive contrast.
B)  negative contrast.
C)  stereotypy.
D)  negative interference.E) A) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 7

The difference between (positive) punishment and negative reinforcement is that

Accepted Answer

A)  punishment increases the target response, while negative reinforcement decreases the target response.
B)  punishment decreases the target response, while negative reinforcement increases the target response.
C)  in punishment, the target response terminates the aversive stimulus.
D)  in negative reinforcement, the response increases the likelihood of the aversive stimulus.E) C) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 8

A rat in a Skinner box receives a food pellet every fifth time it pushes the response lever. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  punishment.
B)  differential reinforcement of other behavior.
C)  positive reinforcement.
D)  negative reinforcement.E) C) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 9

The periodicity of terminal responses is best explained by

Accepted Answer

A)  instinctive drift.
B)  species-typical responses that reflect the anticipation of reward.
C)  species-typical responses that reflect other sources of motivation when food is unlikely.
D)  superstitious behavior.E) B) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 10

According to behavioral systems theory, instinctive drift is a product of

Accepted Answer

A)  stereotypy.
B)  the components of the system activated by the conditioning procedure.
C)  negative reinforcement components.
D)  differential reinforcement of other behaviors.E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 11

How can one measure instrumental behaviors? What are the indicators that learning is taking place?

Accepted Answer

No answer provided

Question 12

Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) is a type of

Accepted Answer

A)  punishment.
B)  omission training.
C)  escape.
D)  avoidance.E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 13

Suzie thought that earning $6.00 an hour for flipping burgers was great money when she was in high school. Now, after she lost her $20,000 a year job as a flight technician, she isn't even considering returning to her old job at Burgers R Tasty. She is demonstrating

Accepted Answer

A)  positive contrast.
B)  negative contrast.
C)  instinctive drift.
D)  simultaneous contrast.E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 14

Behavioral systems theory assumes which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Because of behavioral variability, the types of responses that develop in a conditioning procedure are unpredictable.
B)  Because of stereotypy, the types of responses that develop in a conditioning procedure are predictable.
C)  Because we know the system activated, the types of responses that develop in a conditioning procedure are predictable.
D)  Because of instrumental constraints, the types of responses that develop in a conditioning procedure are unpredictable.E) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 15

Brenda steals Kelly's car because Kelly went to Europe without her. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  avoidance.
B)  negative reinforcement.
C)  punishment.
D)  omission training.E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 16

Rats in a box were reinforced for rearing behavior. One group received a food pellet 60 seconds following each rear. For another group, each rear was followed immediately by a tone, and then 60 seconds after the rearing, a food pellet was delivered. What do you think happened?

Accepted Answer

A)  The tone group's learning was disrupted in comparison to the non-tone group's learning.
B)  The tone group's learning was facilitated in comparison to the non-tone group's learning.
C)  Both groups showed rapid and relatively equal acquisition of rearing behaviors.
D)  Neither group learned rearing behavior, because of the time delay.E) None of the above
F) A) and C)

Question 17

Which of the following is not an alternative explanation to the learned helplessness hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Animals can perceive the contingency between their behavior and the delivery of a reinforcer.
B)  Animals learn to be inactive in response to shock during the exposure phase.
C)  Animals pay less attention to their actions due to inescapable shock.
D)  All are accepted alternativesE) C) and D)
F) A) and D) A

Question 18

What are the effects of a delay of reinforcement on instrumental learning and what causes these effects?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are the effects of a delay...

Question 19

In the triadic design of learned helplessness experiments, subjects in group R that are restricted to the apparatus in the exposure phase show _____ avoidance learning in the conditioning phase.

Accepted Answer

A)  slow
B)  rapid
C)  no
D)  unpredictableE) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

Question 20

When shaping the behavior of an organism, you must

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforce all responses.
B)  set each criterion so that at least some of the existing responses are reinforced.
C)  set each criterion so that only the response forms that exceed existing responses are reinforced.
D)  set each criterion so that most of the existing responses are reinforced.E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Exam 5: Instrumental Conditioning

An important aspect of instrumental conditioning is that

Correct AnswerverifiedC

Describe alternative explanations of the learned helplessness effect.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Compare the evidence for behavioral variability and stereotypy. What evidence is there that variability can be conditioned?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is an example of a response reinforcer relationship with good contingency but weak temporal contiguity?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Two groups of rats were trained to navigate a runway for food. One group earned a single food pellet, the other received three pellets. What will happen when they are both shifted to a situation in which they earn the alternative reward?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The decreased responding for an unfavorable reward because of prior experience with a better outcome is called

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The difference between (positive) punishment and negative reinforcement is that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A rat in a Skinner box receives a food pellet every fifth time it pushes the response lever. This is an example of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The periodicity of terminal responses is best explained by

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to behavioral systems theory, instinctive drift is a product of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

How can one measure instrumental behaviors? What are the indicators that learning is taking place?

Correct AnswerverifiedNo answer provided

Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) is a type of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Suzie thought that earning $6.00 an hour for flipping burgers was great money when she was in high school. Now, after she lost her $20,000 a year job as a flight technician, she isn't even considering returning to her old job at Burgers R Tasty. She is demonstrating

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Behavioral systems theory assumes which of the following?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Brenda steals Kelly's car because Kelly went to Europe without her. This is an example of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Rats in a box were reinforced for rearing behavior. One group received a food pellet 60 seconds following each rear. For another group, each rear was followed immediately by a tone, and then 60 seconds after the rearing, a food pellet was delivered. What do you think happened?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is not an alternative explanation to the learned helplessness hypothesis?

Correct AnswerverifiedA

What are the effects of a delay of reinforcement on instrumental learning and what causes these effects?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the triadic design of learned helplessness experiments, subjects in group R that are restricted to the apparatus in the exposure phase show _____ avoidance learning in the conditioning phase.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When shaping the behavior of an organism, you must

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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