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Question 141

Multiple Choice

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If you perform a behavior designed to prevent an unpleasant event from happening,your behavior is classified as

A) a primary response.
B) a classically conditioned response (CR) .
C) an avoidance response.
D) an escape response.

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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Question 142

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Two processes involved in the acquisition of phobias and the tendency of phobias to show a high resistance to extinction are

A) reinforcement and punishment.
B) positive and negative reinforcement.
C) classical and operant conditioning.
D) operant conditioning and observation learning.

E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

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Question 143

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Operant responses are typically established through a gradual process in which closer and closer approximations of the desired response are reinforced.This process is called

The key dependent variable measured in operant conditioning studies is

Various studies of response-outcome relations and reinforcement have shown that reinforcement is automatic when favorable consequences follow operant responses.

A small enclosure used by psychologists to study learning in which an animal can make a specific response that is recorded while the consequences are systematically controlled is known as a

When a behavior is strengthened indirectly,through vicarious conditioning,the process at work is ____________________ learning.

Learning to ride a bicycle is most likely acquired via the process of

A circus trainer wants to train a cat to pull a rope as part of an animal act.The probability that the cat will just pull a rope is very low.What technique would be the best choice to use to help the cat learn to emit the desired response?

The evolutionary history of rats has rendered them ____ to associate a taste CS with an illness US,and ____ to associate that same CS with an electric shock US.

When shown a Santa Claus beard,Little Albert showed a fear response,which was evidence of

Given the same frequency of reinforcement,____ schedules generate higher rates of responding than do ____ schedules.

Darrel was dancing with his new girlfriend at an Elvis tribute.When the band started playing "Can't Help Falling in Love with You" his girlfriend gave him a long passionate kiss,which Darrel found very enjoyable.Now Darrel finds that every time he hears "Can't Help Falling in Love with You" on the radio,he becomes mildly excited.In this example,the long,passionate kiss is

When advertisers pair their products with attractive people or enjoyable surroundings,in the hope that the pairings will cause their products to evoke good feelings,they are using principles derived from

In order to weaken or eliminate a conditioned response,you would present

In higher-order conditioning,a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were a(n)____________________ stimulus.

Harold begins to chew his fingernails every time his teacher enters the classroom.In this case,the antecedent is

If a dog salivates to a blue light and not to a yellow light,the dog is showing evidence of

When animals or humans are shifted to higher fixed ratio schedules,which require more responses to obtain each reinforcer,the typical result is

Learning theorists argue that learning takes place through conditioning.Describe the two types of conditioning discussed in your text.