Question 1

Epidemiologic studies are of significant value to radiobiologists who use the information from these studies to formulate dose-response curves for making predictions of the risk of ____________ in human populations exposed to low levels of ionizing radiation.

Accepted Answer

A)  cancer
B)  cataract formation
C)  genetic effects
D)  spontaneous abortionsE) A) and C)
F) C) and D) A

Question 2

The human body can incorporate radium into bone because it is chemically similar to

Accepted Answer

A)  calcium.
B)  potassium.
C)  phosphorus.
D)  sodium.E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

Question 3

Radiation-induced abnormalities are caused by unrepaired damage to

Accepted Answer

A)  all stem cells in the human body.
B)  DNA molecules in the sperm or ova of an adult.
C)  epithelial cells in the human body.
D)  somatic cells in the human body.E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 4

What is the mean value of the radiation doubling equivalent dose for humans,as determined from studies of the children of the atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki?

Accepted Answer

A)  1.00 Sv
B)  1.56 Sv
C)  3.00 Sv
D)  5.67 SvE) A) and B)
F) A) and C) B

Question 5

Radiation-induced cataracts in humans follow a ______ dose-response relationship.

Accepted Answer

A)  nonthreshold,nonlinear
B)  nonthreshold,linear
C)  threshold,linear
D)  threshold,nonlinearE) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 6

To assess the magnitude and severity of late effects on the exposed population from the 1986 nuclear power station accident at Chernobyl

Accepted Answer

A)  follow-up is not necessary because the radiation received by the entire exposed population was fatal.
B)  minimal follow-up is only necessary because the exposed population did not receive sufficient radiation exposure to cause severe late effects.
C)  short-term follow-up studies are necessary.
D)  long-term follow-up studies are necessary.E) B) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 7

In which of the following human populations is the risk for causing a radiation-induced cancer not directly measurable?
1) All patients in diagnostic radiology subjected to a radiation dose below 0.1 Sv
2) Chernobyl radiation accident victims living in contaminated villages
3) Atomic bomb survivors

Accepted Answer

A)  1 only
B)  2 only
C)  3 only
D)  2 and 3 onlyE) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

Question 8

Radium decays with a half-life of

Accepted Answer

A)  8 days.
B)  50 years.
C)  500 years.
D)  1622 years.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C) D

Question 9

Mutations in genes and DNA that occur at random as natural phenomena are called

Accepted Answer

A)  carcinogenic mutations.
B)  sporadic mutations.
C)  spontaneous mutations.
D)  stochastic mutations.E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 10

Some mutations in genetic material occur spontaneously,without a known cause.In humans,a hereditary disorder is present in approximately _________ of all live births in the United States.

Accepted Answer

A)  10%
B)  20%
C)  25%
D)  30%E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 11

Genetic mutations at the molecular level are called

Accepted Answer

A)  chromatid mutations.
B)  chromosome mutations.
C)  molecular mutations.
D)  point mutations.E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

Question 12

Genetic effects from exposure to ionizing radiation occur as a result of radiation-induced damage to the DNA molecule in which of the following?
1) Sperm of a man
2) Ova of a woman
3) Somatic cells of men and women

Accepted Answer

A)  1 only
B)  2 only
C)  3 only
D)  1 and 2 onlyE) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 13

During the preimplantation stage of development,the fertilized ovum divides and forms a ball-like structure containing undifferentiated cells.If this structure is irradiated with a dose in the range of 0.05 to 0.15 Gyt which of the following will result?

Accepted Answer

A)  Congenital abnormalities
B)  Delayed bone growth
C)  Embryonic death
D)  MicrocephalyE) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 14

Existing data on radiation-induced genetic effects in humans

Accepted Answer

A)  prove conclusively that radiation causes major genetic effects.
B)  prove conclusively that radiation causes only minor genetic effects.
C)  are both contradictory and inconclusive.
D)  prove conclusively that radiation does not cause genetic effects.E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 15

Which of the following are sources of low-level radiation exposure?
1) X-rays and radioactive materials used for diagnostic purposes.
2) Employment-related exposure in medicine and industry.
3) Natural background radiation.

Accepted Answer

A)  1 and 2 only
B)  1 and 3 only
C)  2 and 3 only
D)  1,2,and 3E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 16

When a prediction is made that the number of excess cancers rises as the natural incidence of cancer increases with advancing age in the population,the risk is considered to be

Accepted Answer

A)  absolute.
B)  excess.
C)  quadratic.
D)  relative.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 17

After the Chernobyl disaster in 1986,an attempt was made to prevent thyroid cancer in Poland and some other countries,resulting from the accidental overdose of iodine-131._______________ was administered to children as a substitute to block the gland's uptake of iodine-131.

Accepted Answer

A)  Potassium bromide
B)  Sodium chloride
C)  Sodium bicarbonate
D)  Potassium iodideE) B) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 18

During the 1950s and 1960s,the Navajo people of Arizona and New Mexico who mined uranium for fuel for nuclear weapons and power plants developed lung cancer years after their exposure.This provides an example of which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Early tissue reactions
B)  Late stochastic effects
C)  Late tissue reactions
D)  Late genetic effectsE) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 19

Which of the following late effects caused by exposure to ionizing radiation is considered to be most important?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cataract formation
B)  Embryologic or birth defects
C)  Cancer
D)  None; all are considered to be of equal importance.E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 20

What do agents such as specific chemicals,viruses,and ionizing radiation have in common?

Accepted Answer

A)  Nothing
B)  They can increase the frequency of mutations in only those members of the population who are already genetically impaired.
C)  They are all mutagens that may increase the frequency of mutations.
D)  They always cause spontaneous abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy.E) None of the above
F) C) and D)

Exam 9: Stochastic Effects and Late Tissue Reactions of Radiation in Organ Systems

Epidemiologic studies are of significant value to radiobiologists who use the information from these studies to formulate dose-response curves for making predictions of the risk of ____________ in human populations exposed to low levels of ionizing radiation.

Correct AnswerverifiedA

The human body can incorporate radium into bone because it is chemically similar to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Radiation-induced abnormalities are caused by unrepaired damage to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is the mean value of the radiation doubling equivalent dose for humans,as determined from studies of the children of the atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki?

Correct AnswerverifiedB

Radiation-induced cataracts in humans follow a ______ dose-response relationship.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

To assess the magnitude and severity of late effects on the exposed population from the 1986 nuclear power station accident at Chernobyl

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In which of the following human populations is the risk for causing a radiation-induced cancer not directly measurable? 1) All patients in diagnostic radiology subjected to a radiation dose below 0.1 Sv 2) Chernobyl radiation accident victims living in contaminated villages 3) Atomic bomb survivors

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Radium decays with a half-life of

Correct AnswerverifiedD

Mutations in genes and DNA that occur at random as natural phenomena are called

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Some mutations in genetic material occur spontaneously,without a known cause.In humans,a hereditary disorder is present in approximately _________ of all live births in the United States.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Genetic mutations at the molecular level are called

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Genetic effects from exposure to ionizing radiation occur as a result of radiation-induced damage to the DNA molecule in which of the following? 1) Sperm of a man 2) Ova of a woman 3) Somatic cells of men and women

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

During the preimplantation stage of development,the fertilized ovum divides and forms a ball-like structure containing undifferentiated cells.If this structure is irradiated with a dose in the range of 0.05 to 0.15 Gyt which of the following will result?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Existing data on radiation-induced genetic effects in humans

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following are sources of low-level radiation exposure? 1) X-rays and radioactive materials used for diagnostic purposes. 2) Employment-related exposure in medicine and industry. 3) Natural background radiation.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When a prediction is made that the number of excess cancers rises as the natural incidence of cancer increases with advancing age in the population,the risk is considered to be

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

After the Chernobyl disaster in 1986,an attempt was made to prevent thyroid cancer in Poland and some other countries,resulting from the accidental overdose of iodine-131._______________ was administered to children as a substitute to block the gland's uptake of iodine-131.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

During the 1950s and 1960s,the Navajo people of Arizona and New Mexico who mined uranium for fuel for nuclear weapons and power plants developed lung cancer years after their exposure.This provides an example of which of the following?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following late effects caused by exposure to ionizing radiation is considered to be most important?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What do agents such as specific chemicals,viruses,and ionizing radiation have in common?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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