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According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, which of the following occurs during phase 3?


A) Attachment becomes focused on one figure, usually the primary caregiver, as the baby gradually learns to distinguish familiar from unfamiliar people.
B) Strangers, siblings, and parents are equally likely to elicit smiling or crying from the infant.
C) Children become aware of others' feelings, goals, and plans and begin to take these into account in forming their own actions.
D) With increased locomotor skills, babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers, such as the mother or father.

E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

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Most ________ emotions occur for the first time at some point in the second half of the first year through the second year.


A) unconscious
B) primary
C) negative
D) self-conscious

E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

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Alexa and Mandy are discussing the best parenting strategies in relation to a child's temperament. Alexa thinks that the best strategy is putting standard goals in place to deal with children's individualities. However, Mandy disagrees with Alexa's view. Which of the following statements supports Mandy's view?


A) A goal may be accomplished in one way with one child, but it does not necessarily mean the same can be applied to all children.
B) Dealing with children's individualities cannot be considered a strategy to deal with a child's temperament as there is no correlation between the two.
C) A child's individuality changes so frequently that it is impossible to come up with goals to deal with it.
D) It has been proved that focusing on structuring a child's environment is a better strategy than paying attention to a child's individuality and coming up with goals to deal with it.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Which of the following statements is true about scaffolding?


A) Studies indicate that when adults used explicit scaffolding (encouragement) with 13- and 14-month-old infants, they were twice as likely to engage in helping behavior as were their counterparts who did not receive the scaffolding.
B) A study of disadvantaged families revealed that an intervention designed to enhance maternal scaffolding with infants was linked to lower cognitive skills when the children were 4 years old.
C) Turn taking and games like peek-a-boo seldom reflect the development of joint attention by the caregiver and the infant.
D) Scaffolding discourages parental support in children's efforts; the emphasis is on allowing children to be more skillful by relying only on their own abilities.

E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

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Cindy has worked from home as a freelancer ever since she had a baby. Now that her baby, Hailey, is 15 months old, Cindy has accepted a full-time job offer. Everyday when Cindy drops Hailey off at the day care, Hailey screams and cries for a couple of minutes. Which of the following terms best describes Hailey's behavior?


A) scaffolding
B) separation protest
C) surgency
D) social referencing

E) A) and C)
F) B) and D)

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Which of the following statements is true about Erik Erikson's trust-versus-mistrust stage of development?


A) The issue of trust versus mistrust is resolved once and for all in the first year of the infant's life.
B) Even though the issue of trust versus mistrust arises at each successive stage of development, it can have only positive outcomes.
C) Infants who learn trust by being cared for in a consistent, warm manner will never develop mistrust in life.
D) Children who leave infancy with a sense of trust can still have their sense of mistrust activated at a later stage, perhaps if their parents get divorced.

E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

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Which of the following statements is true about soothing crying infants?


A) Developmental psychologists increasingly agree that soothing crying infants is important to help infants develop a sense of trust.
B) Research shows that fathers are more likely than mothers to use soothing techniques to reduce infant crying.
C) Infants typically soothe themselves and seldom depend on their caregivers to help soothe their emotions.
D) A mother's negative emotions to her infant's cries are linked to higher self-confidence in the child's later years.

E) All of the above
F) A) and D)

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The most frequent expression of an infant's fear involves


A) fear of heights.
B) separation protest.
C) stranger anxiety.
D) fear of walking.

E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

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According to Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment, what is the time period of phase 2?


A) from 2 to 7 months
B) from birth to 2 months
C) from 12 to 24 months
D) from 8 to 12 months

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Which of the following statements is true regarding separation protest?


A) The percentage of infants who engaged in separation protest seldom varied across cultures.
B) Infants reached a peak of protest at about the same age across cultures.
C) It is initially displayed by infants at approximately 10 to 12 months.
D) It peaks at about 24 months among U.S. infants.

E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

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Mario brings his mother his favorite teddy bear to comfort her when she has had a bad day at work. This demonstrates a(n) ________ emotion.


A) primary
B) self-conscious
C) negative
D) unconscious

E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

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Natalie is in the Strange Situation, and she clings anxiously to her caregiver. She does not explore the playroom. She would most likely be classified as being


A) securely attached.
B) insecure disorganized.
C) insecure resistant.
D) insecure avoidant.

E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

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According to Mary Ainsworth, a(n) ________ infant avoids the mother or is ambivalent toward her, fears strangers, and is upset by minor, everyday separations.


A) extraverted
B) insecurely attached
C) easily adaptable
D) slow-to-warm-up

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Correct Answer

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Recent research has shown that the group of preschool children that have the following temperament, as classified by Rothbart and Bates, engage in more obesity-related eating behaviors.


A) extraversion/surgency
B) negative affectivity
C) effortful control
D) self-deregulated

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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What are some cultural differences that occur in the emotional experiences of infants?

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Cultural differences occur in emotional ...

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Nicole is in the Strange Situation scenario. She does not play with her caregiver nor does she ask her caregiver to pick her up. When the caregiver leaves the room, Nicole continues to play on her own. Even after the caregiver's return, Nicole continues to play on her own. Based on Nicole's behavior in the Strange Situation, what would she be classified as?

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Insecure a...

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The longitudinal study conducted by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in 1991 concluded that


A) a majority of the child care in the first three years of life was of very high quality.
B) a child in child care, regardless of the quality, will be more socially incompetent.
C) the home environment is the most important predictor of attachment to caregivers.
D) children who were given high-quality child care performed better on cognitive and language tasks.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Amy is a 5-month-old baby girl. She tends to smile and become comfortable when her mother picks her up. However, when she sees an unknown face, she gets upset and cries for her mother. Which of the following phases of Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment is Amy currently in?


A) phase 3
B) phase 1
C) phase 2
D) phase 4

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Correct Answer

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In the Strange Situation, Cameron did not explore the playroom, clung to his mother when she was in the room, and was very upset when she left the room. When she returned, he appeared to be ambivalent-wanting to be comforted by his mother but pushing her away when she attempted to do so. Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Cameron as being


A) securely attached.
B) insecure avoidant.
C) insecure resistant.
D) insecure disorganized.

E) B) and D)
F) All of the above

Correct Answer

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According to John Bowlby, infants' internal working model of attachment includes a simple mental model of the caregiver, their relationship, and the self as


A) being independent.
B) deserving of nurturant care.
C) deserving of constant attention.
D) being helpless.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Showing 21 - 40 of 157

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