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To determine the appropriate order of the operations,the scheduler bases its actions on concurrency control algorithms,such as ____________________ or time stamping methods.

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During the ____ phase,changes are permanently applied to the database.


A) read
B) validation
C) write
D) shared

E) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

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The ANSI has defined standards that govern SQL database transactions.Transaction support is provided by two SQL statements: ____ and ROLLBACK.


A) RETRIEVE
B) ASSIGN
C) UPDATE
D) COMMIT

E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

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As long as two transactions,T1 and T2,access ____ data,there is no conflict,and the order of execution is irrelevant to the final outcome.


A) shared
B) common
C) unrelated
D) locked

E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

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What is transaction isolation and why it is important?

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Isolation means that the data used durin...

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Although the DBMS is designed to recover a database to a previous consistent state (when an interruption prevents the completion of a required set of transactions),the transactions themselves are defined by the end user or programmer and must be ____________________ correct.

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When using an optimistic approach,during the write phase,the transaction is validated to ensure that the changes made will not affect the integrity and consistency of the database.

A) True
B) False

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The ____ manager is responsible for assigning and policing the locks used by the transactions.


A) transaction
B) database
C) lock
D) schedule

E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

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The multiuser DBMS must implement controls to ensure serializability and isolation of transactions,in addition to atomicity and durability,in order to guard the database's consistency and integrity.

A) True
B) False

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In a page-level lock,the DBMS will lock an entire diskpage.

A) True
B) False

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All transactions must display ____.


A) atomicity,consistency,and durability
B) durability and isolation
C) consistency,durability,and isolation
D) atomicity,durability,consistency,and isolation

E) C) and D)
F) A) and C)

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ANSI defines four events that signal the end of a transaction.Of the following events,which is defined by ANSI as being equivalent to a ROLLBACK?


A) Five SQL statements are executed.
B) The end of a program is successfully reached.
C) The program is abnormally terminated.
D) The database is shut down for maintenance.

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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The optimistic approach is based on the assumption that the majority of the database operations do not conflict.

A) True
B) False

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____________________-level locks are less restrictive than database-level locks,but they create traffic jams when many transactions are waiting to access the same table.

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What are database checkpoints?

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Database checkpoints are operations in w...

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Serializability means that data used during the execution of a transaction cannot be used by a second transaction until the first one is completed.

A) True
B) False

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What is a rule that applies to the two-phase locking protocol?


A) Two transactions cannot have conflicting locks.
B) No unlock operation can precede a lock operation in a different transaction.
C) No data is affected until all locks are released.
D) No data is affected until the transaction is in its locked position.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and D)

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A ____ lock locks the entire table preventing access to any row by a transaction while another transaction is using the table.


A) database-level
B) table-level
C) page-level
D) row-level

E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

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A(n) ____ lock has only two stages (0 and 1) .


A) shared
B) exclusive
C) binary
D) two-phase

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

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Lock ____ indicates the level of lock use.


A) granularity
B) shrinking
C) growing
D) serializability

E) A) and C)
F) None of the above

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